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- From: boutell@netcom.com (Thomas Boutell)
- Newsgroups: comp.infosystems.www,comp.infosystems.www.misc,comp.infosystems.www.users,comp.infosystems.www.providers,comp.infosystems.wais,comp.infosystems.gopher,comp.infosystems,alt.hypertext,comp.answers,alt.answers,news.answers
- Subject: World Wide Web Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Supersedes: <www/faq_772803253@rtfm.mit.edu>
- Followup-To: comp.infosystems.www.misc
- Date: 3 Jul 1994 19:01:52 GMT
- Organization: Nerdsholm
- Lines: 1127
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
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- Expires: 21 Jul 1994 18:59:31 GMT
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- Summary: beginner & advanced world wide web questions-read before posting to comp.infosystems.www
- X-Last-Updated: 1994/06/23
- Originator: faqserv@bloom-picayune.MIT.EDU
- Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu comp.infosystems.www:20682 comp.infosystems.www.misc:956 comp.infosystems.www.users:1115 comp.infosystems.www.providers:1094 comp.infosystems.wais:2754 comp.infosystems.gopher:12797 comp.infosystems:2834 alt.hypertext:3201 comp.answers:6119 alt.answers:3421 news.answers:21922
-
- Archive-name: www/faq
- Last-modified: 1994/06/23
-
- WORLD WIDE WEB FAQ
-
- Contents
-
- * 1: Recent changes to the FAQ
- * 2: Information about this document
- * 3: Elementary Questions
- + 3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?
- + 3.2: What is a URL?
- + 3.3: How can I access the web?
- o 3.3.1: Browsers Accessible by Telnet
- o 3.3.2: Obtaining browsers
- # 3.3.2.1: Microsoft Windows browsers
- # 3.3.2.2: MSDOS browsers
- # 3.3.2.3: Macintosh browsers
- # 3.3.2.4: Amiga browsers
- # 3.3.2.5: NeXTStep browsers
- # 3.3.2.6: X/DecWindows (graphical UNIX, VMS)
- browsers
- # 3.3.2.7: Text-based Unix and VMS browsers
- # 3.3.2.8: Batch-mode "browsers"
- + 3.4: How can I provide information to the web?
- o 3.4.1: Obtaining Servers
- # 3.4.1.1: Unix Servers
- # 3.4.1.2: Macintosh Servers
- # 3.4.1.3: Windows and Windows NT Servers
- # 3.4.1.4: MSDOS Servers
- # 3.4.1.5: VMS Servers
- o 3.4.2: Producing HTML documents
- # 3.4.2.1: Writing HTML directly
- # 3.4.2.2: HTML editors
- # 3.4.2.3: Converting other formats to HTML
- o 3.4.3: How do I publicize my work?
- + 3.5: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?
- + 3.6: What is on the web?
- o 3.6.1: How do I find out what's new on the web?
- o 3.6.2: Where is the subject catalog of the web?
- o 3.6.3: How can I search through ALL web sites?
- + 3.7: I want to know more.
- o 3.7.1: What newsgroups discuss the web?
- * 4: Advanced Questions
- + 4.1: How do I set up a clickable image map?
- + 4.2: How do I make a "link" that doesn't load a new page?
- + 4.3: Where can I learn how to create fill-out forms?
- + 4.4: How can I save an inline image to disk?
- + 4.5: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?
- + 4.6: How do I comment an HTML document?
- + 4.7: How can I create decent-looking tables and stop using
- <PRE>...</PRE>?
- + 4.8: What is HTML+ and where can I learn more about it?
- + 4.9: How can I make transparent GIFs?
- + 4.10: I have a Windows PC (or a Macintosh). Why can't I open
- WAIS URLs?
- + 4.11: I'm running XMosaic. Why can't I get external viewers
- working?
- + 4.12: How come mailto: URLs don't work?
- + 4.13: How can I restrict and control access to my server?
- + 4.14: Hey, I know, I'll write a WWW-exploring robot! Why not?
- + 4.15: How do I send newsgroup posts in HTML to my web client?
- * 5: Credits
-
- 1: RECENT CHANGES TO THE FAQ
-
- * 6/23: MacWeb browser added
- * 6/23: HTML Editor for Macintosh added
- * 6/23: Security section added
- * 6/23: Telnettable Lynx sites updated
- * 6/23: Robots section added
- * 6/23: Newspaper, catalog and automatic-index sections added
- * 6/23: Script for sending HTML posts to Lynx added
- * 6/23: SoftQuad mirror sites added
- * 6/23: KA9Q DOS Web server added
-
- 2: INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
-
- This is an introduction to the World Wide Web project, describing the
- concepts, software and access methods. It is aimed at people who know
- a little about navigating the Internet, but want to know more about
- WWW specifically. If you don't think you are up to this level, try an
- introductory Internet book such as Ed Krol's "The Whole Internet" or
- "Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet". The latter is available
- electronically by anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org in the directory
- pub/Net_info/Big_Dummy.
-
- This informational document is posted to news.answers,
- comp.infosystems.www.users, comp.infosystems.www.providers,
- comp.infosystems.www.misc, comp.infosystems.gopher,
- comp.infosystems.wais and alt.hypertext every four days (please allow
- a day or two for it to propagate to your site). The latest version is
- always available on the web as
- http://siva.cshl.org/~boutell/www_faq.html. (see the section titled
- "What is a URL?" to understand what this means.)
-
- The most recently posted version of this document is kept on the
- news.answers archive on rtfm.mit.edu in
- /pub/usenet/news.answers/www/faq. For information on FTP, send e-mail
- to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with:
-
- send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources
-
- in the body (not subject line) of your message, instead of asking me.
-
- Thomas Boutell maintains this document. Feedback about it is to be
- sent via e-mail to boutell@netcom.com.
-
- In all cases, regard this document as out of date. Definitive
- information should be on the web, and static versions such as this
- should be considered unreliable at best. Please excuse any formatting
- inconsistencies in the posted version of this document, as it is
- automatically generated from the on-line version.
-
- 3: ELEMENTARY QUESTIONS
-
- 3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?
-
- WWW stands for "World Wide Web". The WWW project, started by CERN (the
- European Laboratory for Particle Physics), seeks to build a
- distributed hypermedia system.
-
-
-
- The advantage of hypertext is that in a hypertext document, if you
- want more information about a particular subject mentioned, you can
- usually "just click on it" to read further detail. In fact, documents
- can be and often are linked to other documents by completely different
- authors -- much like footnoting, but you can get the referenced
- document instantly!
-
- To access the web, you run a browser program. The browser reads
- documents, and can fetch documents from other sources. Information
- providers set up hypermedia servers which browsers can get documents
- from.
-
- The browsers can, in addition, access files by FTP, NNTP (the Internet
- news protocol), gopher and an ever-increasing range of other methods.
- On top of these, if the server has search capabilities, the browsers
- will permit searches of documents and databases.
-
- The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.
- Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you
- deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and
- you are presented with the text that is pointed to.
-
- Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with
- pointers to other media. This means that browsers might not display a
- text file, but might display images or sound or animations.
-
- 3.2: What is a URL?
-
- URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator". It is a draft standard for
- specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.
-
- URLs look like this: (file: and ftp: URLs are synonymous.)
- * file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip
- * ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors
- * http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html
- * news:alt.hypertext
- * telnet://dra.com
-
-
-
- The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access
- method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to
- the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a
- machine name (machine:port is also valid).
-
- When you are told to "check out this URL", what to do next depends on
- your browser; please check the help for your particular browser. For
- the line-mode browser at CERN, which you will quite possibly use first
- via telnet, the command to try a URL is "GO URL" (substitute the
- actual URL of course). In Lynx you just select the "GO" link on the
- first page you see; in graphical browsers, there's usually an "Open
- URL" option in the menus.
-
- 3.3: How can I access the web?
-
- You have two options -- either use a browser that can be telnetted to,
- or use a browser on your machine.
-
- 3.3.1: BROWSERS ACCESSIBLE BY TELNET
-
- An up-to-date list of these is available on the Web as
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should be
- regarded as an authoritative list.
-
- info.cern.ch
- No password is required. This is in Switzerland, so continental
- US users might be better off using a closer browser.
-
- www.cc.ukans.edu
- A full screen browser "Lynx" which requires a vt100 terminal.
- Log in as www. Does not allow users to "go" to arbitrary URLs,
- so GET YOUR OWN COPY of Lynx and install it on your system if
- your administrator has not done so already. The best plain-text
- browser, so move mountains if necessary to get your own copy of
- Lynx!
-
- www.njit.edu
- (or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser
- in New Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.
-
- vms.huji.ac.il
- (IP address 128.139.4.3). A dual-language Hebrew/English
- database, with links to the rest of the world. The line mode
- browser, plus extra features. Log in as www. Hebrew University
- of Jerusalem, Israel.
-
- sun.uakom.cs
- Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.
-
- info.funet.fi
- (or telnet 128.214.6.102). Log in as www. Offers several
- browsers, including Lynx (goto option is disabled there also).
-
- fserv.kfki.hu
- Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login is as www.
-
- 3.3.2: OBTAINING BROWSERS
-
- The preferred method of access of the Web is to run a browser
- yourself. Browsers are available for many platforms, both in source
- and executable forms. Here is a list generated from the authoritative
- list, http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html.
-
- 3.3.2.1: Microsoft Windows browsers
-
-
-
- NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
- networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
- lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider
- or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell
- access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or
- VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
- so.
-
- Cello Browser from Cornell LII. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.law.cornell.edu in the directory /pub/LII/cello.
-
- Mosaic for Windows From NCSA. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory PC/Mosaic.
-
- 3.3.2.2: MSDOS browsers
-
-
-
- NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
- networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
- lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider
- or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell
- access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or
- VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
- so.
-
- DosLynx
- DosLynx is an excellent text-based browser for use on DOS
- systems. You must have a level 1 packet driver, or an emulation
- thereof, or you will only be able to browse local files;
- essentially, if your PC has an Ethernet connection, or you have
- SLIP, you should be able to use it. DosLynx can view GIF
- images, but not when they are inline images (as of this
- writing). See the README.HTM file at the DosLynx site for
- details. You can obtain DosLynx by anonymous FTP from
- ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in the directory pub/WWW/DosLynx; the URL is
- ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/WWW/DosLynx/.
-
- 3.3.2.3: Macintosh browsers
-
-
-
- NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
- networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
- lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider
- or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell
- access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or
- VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
- so.
-
- Mosaic for Macintosh
- From NCSA. Full featured. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mac/Mosaic.
-
- Samba From CERN. Basic. Available by anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch
- in the directory /ftp/pub/www/bin as the file mac.
-
- MacWeb From EINet. Has features that Mosaic lacks; lacks some
- features that Mosaic has. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.einet.net in the directory einet/mac/macweb.
-
- 3.3.2.4: Amiga browsers
-
- AMosaic
- Browser for AmigaOS, based on NCSA's Mosaic. Supports older
- Amigas as well as the newer machines in the latest versions, I
- am told; available for anonymous ftp from
- max.physics.sunysb.edu in the directory /pub/amosaic, or from
- aminet sites in /pub/aminet/comm/net. see the site for details.
- See the URL http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/AMosaic/home.html.
-
- 3.3.2.5: NeXTStep browsers
-
-
-
- Note: NeXT systems can also run X-based browsers using one of the
- widely used X server products for the NeXT. The browsers listed here,
- by contrast, are native NeXTStep applications.
-
- OmniWeb
- A World Wide Web browser for NeXTStep. The URL for more
- information is http://www.omnigroup.com/; you can ftp the
- package from ftp.omnigroup.com in the /pub/software/ directory.
-
- WorldWideWeb, CERN's NeXT Browser-Editor
- A browser/editor for NeXTStep. Currently out of date; editor
- not operational. Allows wysiwyg hypertext editing. Requires
- NeXTStep 3.0. Available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch in
- the directory /pub/www/src.
-
- 3.3.2.6: X/DecWindows (graphical UNIX, VMS) browsers
-
- NCSA Mosaic for X
- Unix browser using X11/Motif. Multimedia magic. Full http 1.0
- support including PUT-method forms, image maps, etc.
- Recommended if you can run it. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mosaic.
-
- NCSA Mosaic for VMS
- Browser using X11/DecWindows/Motif. For the VMS operating
- system. Multimedia magic. Full http 1.0 support including
- PUT-method forms, image maps, etc. Recommended if you can run
- it. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
- directory Mosaic.
-
- tkWWW Browser/Editor for X11
- Unix Browser/Editor for X11. (Beta test version.) Available for
- anonymous ftp from harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in the directory
- tkwww[extension] (followed by an extension possibly dependent
- on the current version). Please ftp to the site and look for
- the latest version (or use the link above). As of this writing
- tkWWW is at verison 0.11. Supports WSYIWYG HTML editing.
-
- MidasWWW Browser
- A Unix/X browser from Tony Johnson. (Beta, works well.)
-
- Viola for X (Beta)
- Viola has two versions for Unix/X: one using Motif, one using
- Xlib (no Motif). Handles HTML+ forms and tables. Has extensions
- for multiple columning, collapsible/expandable list,
- client-side document include. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ora.com in /pub/www/viola. More information available at the
- URL http://xcf.berkeley.edu/ht/projects/viola/README.
-
- Chimera
- Unix/X Browser using Athena (doesn't require Motif). Supports
- forms, inline images, etc.; closest to Mosaic in feel of the
- non-Motif X11 browsers. Available for anonymous FTP from
- ftp.cs.unlv.edu in the directory /pub/chimera.
-
- 3.3.2.7: Text-mode Unix and VMS browsers
-
-
-
- These are text-based browsers for Unix (and in some cases also VMS)
- systems. In many cases your system administrator will have already
- installed one or more of these packages; check before compiling your
- own copy.
-
- Line Mode Browser
- This program gives W3 readership to anyone with a dumb
- terminal. A general purpose information retrieval tool.
- Available by anonymous ftp from info.cern.ch in the directory
- /pub/www/src.
-
- The "Lynx" full screen browser
- This is a hypertext browser for vt100s using full screen, arrow
- keys, highlighting, etc. Available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp2.cc.ukans.edu.
-
- Tom Fine's perlWWW
- A tty-based browser written in perl. Available by anonymous FTP
- from archive.cis.ohio-state.edu in the directory pub/w3browser
- as the file w3browser-0.1.shar.
-
- For VMS
- Dudu Rashty's full screen client based on VMS's SMG screen
- management routines. Available by anonymous FTP from
- vms.huji.ac.il in the directory www/www_client.
-
- Emacs w3-mode
- W3 browse mode for emacs. Uses multiple fonts when used with
- Lemacs or Epoch. See the documentation. Available by anonymous
- FTP from moose.cs.indiana.edu in the directory pub/elisp/w3 as
- the files w3.tar.Z and extras.tar.Z.
-
- 3.3.2.8: Batch-Mode "Browsers"
-
- Batch mode browser
- A batch-mode "browser", url_get, which is available through the
- URL http://wwwhost.cc.utexas.edu/test/zippy/url_get.html. It
- can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to ftp.cc.utexas.edu, as the
- file /pub/zippy/url_get.tar.Z. This package is intended for use
- in cron jobs and other settings in which fetching a page in a
- command-line fashion is useful.
-
- 3.4: How can I provide information to the web?
-
- Information providers run programs that the browsers can obtain
- hypertext from. These programs can either be WWW servers that
- understand the HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP (best if you are
- creating your information database from scratch), "gateway" programs
- that convert an existing information format to hypertext, or a
- non-HTTP server that WWW browsers can access -- anonymous FTP or
- gopher, for example.
-
- To learn more about World Wide Web servers, you can consult a www
- server primer by Nathan Torkington, available at the URL
- http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-servers.html.
-
- If you only want to provide information to local users, placing your
- information in local files is also an option. This means, however,
- that there can be no off-machine access.
-
- 3.4.1: OBTAINING SERVERS
-
- Servers are available for Unix, Macintosh, MS Windows, and VMS
- systems. If you know of a server for another operating system, please
- contact me.
-
- See http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html for more
- information on writing servers and gateways in general.
-
- 3.4.1.1: Unix Servers
-
- NCSA httpd
- NCSA has released a server, known as the NCSA httpd; it is
- available at the URL ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/pub/web/.
-
- CERN httpd
-
- CERN's server is available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch
- (URL is ftp://info.cern.ch/) and many other places. Use your local
- copy of archie to search for "www" in order to find a nearby site.
-
- GN Gopher/HTTP server The GN server is unique in that it can
- serve both WWW and Gopher clients (in their native modes). This is a
- good server for those migrating from Gopher to WWW, although it does
- not have the server-side-script capabilities of the NCSA and CERN
- servers. See the URL http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/.
-
- Perl server There is also a server written in the Perl scripting
- language, called Plexus, for which documentation is available at the
- URL http://bsdi.com/server/doc/plexus.html.
-
- 3.4.1.2: Macintosh Servers
-
- There is a server for the Macintosh, MacHTTP, available at the URL
- http://www.uth.tmc.edu/mac_info/machttp_info.html.
-
- 3.4.1.3: MS Windows and Windows NT Servers
-
- HTTPS (Windows NT)
- HTTPS is a server for Windows NT systems, both Intel and Alpha
- -- based. It is available via anonymous FTP from emwac.ed.ac.uk
- in the directory pub/https (URL is
- ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/pub/https). (Be sure to download the
- version appropriate to your processor.) You can read a detailed
- announcement at the FTP site, or by using the URL
- ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/pub/https/https.txt.
-
- NCSA httpd for Windows
- The NCSA httpd for Windows has most of the features of the Unix
- version, including scripts (which generate pages on the fly
- based on user input). It is available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the Web/ncsa_httpd/contrib directory as
- the file whtp11a6.zip, or at the URL
- ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/ncsa_httpd/contrib/whtp11a6.zip.
-
- SerWeb
- A simple, effective server for Windows writtten by Gustavo
- Estrella. Available by anonymous ftp from
- winftp.cica.indiana.edu (or one of its mirror sites, such as
- nic.switch.ch), as the file serweb03.zip, in the directory
- /pub/pc/win3/winsock.
-
- There is also a Windows NT version of SerWeb, available by
- anonymous FTP from emwac.ed.ac.uk as /pub/serweb/serweb_i.zip.
-
- WEB4HAM
- Another Windows-based server, available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de as /pub/net/winsock/web4ham.zip.
-
- 3.4.1.4: MSDOS Servers
-
- KA9Q NOS (nos11c.exe) is a internet server package for DOS that
- includes HTTP and Gopher servers. It can be obtained via anonymous FTP
- from one of the following sites:
-
- inorganic5.chem.ufl.edu
- biochemistry.cwru.edu
-
-
-
- 3.4.1.5: VMS Servers
-
- CERN HTTP for VMS
- A port of the CERN server to VMS. Available at the URL
- http://delonline.cern.ch/disk$user/duns/doc/vms/distribution.ht
- ml.
-
- Region 6 Threaded HTTP Server
- A native VMS server which uses DECthreads(tm). This is a
- potentially major performance advantage because VMS has a high
- overhead for each process, which is a problem for the
- frequently-forking NCSA and CERN servers that began life under
- Unix. A multithreaded server avoids this overhead. Available at
- the URL
- http://kcgl1.eng.ohio-state.edu/www/doc/serverinfo.html.
-
-
-
- 3.4.2: PRODUCING HTML DOCUMENTS
-
- HTML is the simple markup system used to create hypertext documents.
- There are three ways to produce HTML documents: writing them yourself,
- which is not a very difficult skill to acquire, using an HTML editor,
- which assists in doing the above, and converting documents in other
- formats to HTML. The following three sections cover these
- possibilities in sequence.
-
- 3.4.2.1: Writing HTML documents yourself
-
- You can write an HTML document with any text editor. Try the "source"
- button of of your browser to look at the HTML for a page you find
- particularly interesting. The odds are that it will be a great deal
- simpler than you would expect. If you're used to marking up text in
- any way (even red-pencilling it), HTML should be rather intuitive.
-
- A beginner's guide to HTML is available at the URL
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html.
-
- There is also a good set of HTML documentation available at the URL
- http://www.ucc.ie/info/net/htmldoc.html.
-
- There is also an HTML primer by Nathan Torkington at the URL
- http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-html.html.
-
- 3.4.2.2: HTML editors
-
- Of course, most folks would still prefer to use a friendlier,
- graphical editor. Some editors are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You
- Get), or close to it; others simply assist you in writing HTML by
- plugging in the desired markup tags for you from a menu.
-
- Fans of the EMACS editor can use EMACS and html-helper-mode , an EMACS
- "mode" for HTML editing (URL is http://www.reed.edu/~nelson/tools/).
-
- There is also another Emacs HTML mode, html-mode.el (URL is
- ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/elisp/html-mode.el).
-
- For Microsoft Windows users, there is an editor called HTML Assistant
- with features to assist in the creation of HTML documents. It can be
- had by anonymous FTP from ftp.cs.dal.ca in the directory /htmlasst/.
- Read the README.1ST file in this directory for information on which
- files to download.
-
- A WYSIWYG editor for the Web, *SoftQuad HoTMetaL*, is available for
- downloading at NCSA and other Mosaic server sites. Many mirror sites
- exist; if you can't get through to one, try another, don't give up!
- That's what mirror sites are for. (Also be sure to use the copy
- closest to you geographically if possible.)
-
- Known mirrors:
- *
- ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Mosaic/contrib/SoftQuad/sqhotmetal-1.0.tar.
- gz
- * ftp://ftp.ifi.uio.no/pub/SGML/HoTMetaL
- * ftp://sgml1.ex.ac.uk/SoftQuad
- * ftp://doc.ic.ac.uk/pub/packages/WWW/ncsa/contrib/SoftQuad
- *
- ftp://askhp.ask.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/infosystems/mosaic/contrib/Sof
- tQuad
- * ftp://ftp.cs.concordia.ca/pub/www
-
- You need a Sun SPARC or Microsoft Windows system and 6MB of disk (6MB
- of RAM minimum for MS Windows). Because it is context-sensitive,
- HoTMetaL guides users in creating new HTML documents and in cleaning
- up old ones. A Publish command changes appropriate SRC and HREF
- attributes from local paths to http locations. For more information,
- FTP the README file from the same directory, or send email to
- hotmetal@sq.com. A HoTMetaL Pro commercially supported version is
- available for purchase from SoftQuad and its resellers.
-
- An editor for all X users: A HREF="#browserstkwww">TkWWW (listed above
- under X browsers) supports WYSIWYG HTML editing; and since it's a
- browser, you can try out links immediately after creating them.
-
- Also for X users, there is a package called htmltext which supports
- WYSIWYG HTML editing. More information is available at the URL
- http://web.cs.city.ac.uk/homes/njw/htmltext/htmltext.html.
-
- For Macintosh users, there is evidently a near-WYSIWYG package called
- HTML Editor (URL is http://dragon.acadiau.ca:1667/~giles/HTML_Editor).
-
-
- Also for Macintosh users, the BBEdit HTML extensions allow the BBEdit
- and BBEdit Lite text editors for the Macintosh to conveniently edit
- HTML documents. (URL is
- http://www.uji.es/bbedit-html-extensions.html.) You can also obtain
- the extensions package by anonymous ftp from sumex-aim.stanford.edu as
- info-mac/bbedit-html-ext-b3.hqx.
-
- There is an alternative BBEdit extension package available as well; it
- is available by FTP at the URL
- ftp://ctipsych.york.ac.uk/CTI_FTP/pub/BBEdit/BBEdit_HTML_Tools.sea.hqx
- .
-
- NCSA's List of Filters and Editors, for which the URL is
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/faq-software.html#ed
- itors, mentions several editors, including two for MS Windows.
-
- Note that this URL contains uppercase and lowercase letters; certain
- operating systems won't allow mixed case on the command line, or will
- only allow it if it is quoted (VMS), so if you are launching Lynx or
- another client and specifying a URL at the command line, try quoting
- the URL in double-quotes ("URL").
-
- Another option, if you have an SGML editor, is to use it with the HTML
- DTD .
-
- 3.4.2.3: Converting other formats to HTML
-
- There is a collection of filters for converting your existing
- documents (in TeX and other non-HTML formats) into HTML automatically,
- including filters that can allow more or less WYSIWYG editing using
- various word processors:
-
- Rich Brandwein and Mike Sendall's List at CERN. The URL is
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Tools/Filters.html.
-
- (Note that this URL contains uppercase and lowercase letters; certain
- BROKEN browsers (apparently including Lynx for VMS) will require
- that you open it directly, entering the URL in quotation marks.)
-
- There is also a Word for Windows template for writing HTML documents,
- available at the URL http://www.gatech.edu/word_html/release.htm.
-
- 3.4.3: HOW DO I PUBLICIZE MY WORK?
-
- There are several things you can do to publicize your new HTML server
- or other offering:
- * Submit it to the NCSA What's New Page at the URL
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html
- (see the page for details on how to submit your listing!).
- * Post it to the newsgroup comp.infosystems.announce. Please read
- the group first to get a feel for the contents. You should not
- post to comp.infosystems.www.users,.misc,.providers, etc., but if
- you feel compelled to do so, please choose .misc as announcements
- are of interest to both providers and users (and those who wear
- both hats).
- * Submit it to the maintainers of various catalogs, such as the WWW
- Virtual Library at the URL
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html.
-
- 3.5: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?
-
- While all three of these information presentation systems are
- client-server based, they differ in terms of their model of data. In
- gopher, data is either a menu, a document, an index or a telnet
- connection. In WAIS, everything is an index and everything that is
- returned from the index is a document. In WWW, everything is a
- (possibly) hypertext document which may be searchable.
-
- In practice, this means that WWW can represent the gopher (a menu is a
- list of links, a gopher document is a hypertext document without
- links, searches are the same, telnet sessions are the same) and WAIS
- (a WAIS index is a searchable page, returning a document with no
- links) data models as well as providing extra functionality.
-
- Gopher and World Wide Web usage are now running neck and neck,
- according to the statistics-keepers of the Internet backbone. (Of
- course, World Wide Web browsers can also access Gopher servers, which
- inflates the numbers for the latter.) This is changing as WWW reaches
- critical mass (usage of the server at CERN doubles every 4 months --
- twice the rate of Internet expansion).
-
- 3.6: What is on the web?
-
- Currently accessible through the web:
- * anything served through gopher
- * anything served through WAIS
- * anything on an FTP site
- * anything on Usenet
- * anything accessible through telnet
- * anything in hytelnet
- * anything in hyper-g
- * anything in techinfo
- * anything in texinfo
- * anything in the form of man pages
- * sundry hypertext documents
-
-
-
- 3.6.1: HOW DO I FIND OUT WHAT'S NEW ON THE WEB?
-
- The unofficial newspaper of the World Wide Web is What's New With NCSA
- Mosaic (URL is
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html),
- which carries announcements of new servers on the web and also of new
- web-related tools. This should be in your hot list if you're not using
- Mosaic (which can access it directly through the help menu).
-
- 3.6.2: WHERE IS THE SUBJECT CATALOG OF THE WEB?
-
- There are several. There is no mechanism inherent in the web which
- forces the creation of a single catalog (although there is work
- underway on automatic mechanisms to catalog web sites). The best-known
- catalog, and the first, is The WWW Virtual Library (URL is
- http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html),
- maintained by CERN. The Virtual Library is a good place to find
- resources on a particular subject, and has separate maintainers for
- many subject areas.
-
- 3.6.3: HOW CAN I SEARCH THROUGH ALL WEB SITES?
-
- Several people have written robots which create indexes of web sites
- -- including sites which have not arranged to be mentioned in the
- newspapers and catalogs above. (Before writing your own robot, please
- read the section on robots.)
-
- Here are a few such automatic indexes you can search:
- * WebCrawler (URL is
- http://www.biotech.washington.edu/WebQuery.html) builds an
- impressively complete index; on the other hand, since it indexes
- the content of documents, it may find many links that aren't
- exactly what you had in mind.
- * World Wide Web Worm (URL is
- http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html) builds its
- index based on page titles and URL contents only. This is somewhat
- less inclusive, but pages it finds are more likely to be an exact
- match with your needs.
-
- You can read about other robots in the robots section.
-
- 3.7: I want to know more
-
-
-
- To find out more, use the web. This FAQ hopefully provides enough
- information for you to locate and install a browser on your system. If
- you have system specific questions regarding FTP, networking and the
- like, please consult newsgroups relevant to your particular hardware
- and operating system!
-
- Later you may return to this FAQ for answers to some of the advanced
- questions covered in the second section. The advanced section contains
- the most-asked technical questions in the group.
-
- Once you're up and running, you may wish to consult the World Wide Web
- Primer by Nathan Torkington. It is available at the URL
- http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-primer.html.
-
- 3.7.1: WHAT NEWSGROUPS DISCUSS THE WEB?
-
- You can also find discussion of World Wide Web topics in three
- newsgroups:
-
- comp.infosystems.www.users
- A forum for the discussion of WWW client software and its use
- in contacting various Internet information sources. New user
- questions, client setup questions, client bug reports,
- resource-discovery questions on how to locate information on
- the web that can't be found by the means detailed in the FAQ
- and comparison between various client packages are among the
- acceptable topics for this group.
-
- comp.infosystems.www.providers
- A forum for the discussion of WWW server software and the use
- of said software to present information to users. General
- server design, setup questions, server bug reports, security
- issues, HTML page design and other concerns of information
- providers are among the likely topics for this group.
-
- comp.infosystems.www.misc
- A forum for general discussion of WWW (World Wide Web)- related
- topics that are NOT covered by the other newsgroups in the
- hierarchy. This will likely include discussions of the Web's
- future, politicking regarding changes in the structure and
- protocols of the web that affect both clients and servers, et
- cetera.
-
- comp.infosystems.www (DEFUNCT)
- The old catch-all newsgroup, which may still exist on your
- system but will be removed within three months of this writing
- (June 7th, 1994).
-
-
-
- 4: ADVANCED QUESTIONS
-
- 4.1: How do I set up a clickable image map?
-
-
-
- There are really two issues here: how to indicate in HTML that you
- want an image to be clickable, and how to configure your server to do
- something with the clicks returned by Mosaic, Chimera, and other
- clients capable of delivering them.
-
- You can read about image maps and the NCSA server at the URL
- http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/setup/admin/Imagemap.html.
-
- 4.2: How do I make a "link" that doesn't load a new page?
-
-
-
- Such links are useful when a form is intended to perform some action
- on the server machine without sending new information to the client,
- or when a user has clicked in an undefined area in an image map; these
- are just two possibilities.
-
- Rob McCool of NCSA provided the following wisdom on the subject:
-
- Yechezkal-Shimon Gutfreund (sg04@gte.com) wrote:
- : Ok, here is another bizzare request from me:
-
- : I am currently running scripts which I "DO NOT" want to return
- : any visible result. That is, not text/plain, not text/HTML, not
- : image/gif. The entire results are the side effects of the
- : script and nothing should be returned to the viewer.
-
- : It would be nice to have an internally supported null viewer
- : so that I could do this, more "cleanly" (ok, ok, I hear your groans).
-
-
-
- HTTP now supports a response code of 204, which is no operation. Some
- browsers such as Mosaic/X 2.* support it. To use it, make your script
- a nph script and output an HTTP/1.0 204 header. Something like:
-
- HTTP/1.0 204 No response Server: Myscript/NCSA httpd 1.1
-
- (You can learn more about nph scripts from the NCSA server
- documentation at the URL http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs.)
- Essentially they are scripts that handle their own HTTP response
- codes.
-
- 4.3: Where can I learn how to create fill-out forms?
-
- You can read about the Common Gateway Interface at the URL
- http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu:80/cgi/. In addition to documenting the
- standard interface for which scripts can now be written for both NCSA
- and CERN-derived servers, these pages also cover HTML forms and how to
- handle the results on the server side.
-
- 4.4: How can I save an inline image to disk?
-
-
-
- Here are two ways:
-
- 1. Turn on "load to local disk" in your browser, if it has such an
- option; then reload images. You'll be prompted for filenames instead
- of seeing them on the screen. Be sure to shut it off when you're done
- with it.
-
- 2. Choose "view source" and browse through the HTML source; find the
- URL for the inline image of interest to you; copy and paste it into
- the "Open URL" window. This should load it into your image viewer
- instead, where you can save it and otherwise muck about with it.
-
- 4.5: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?
-
-
-
- This piece of wisdom donated by Hunter Monroe:
-
- This section explains how to install sound on a PC which already has a
- working version of Mosaic for Microsoft Windows. Be warned in advance
- that the results may be poor.
-
- To get Mosaic to produce sound out of the PC speaker, first, you need
- a driver for the speaker. You can get the Microsoft speaker driver
- from the URL ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SPEAK.EXE or by
- doing an Archie search to find it somewhere else. SPEAK.EXE is a
- self-extracting file. Copy the speak.exe file to a new directory, and
- then type "SPEAK" at the DOS prompt. Do not put the file SPEAKER.DRV
- in a separate directory from OEMSETUP.INF.
-
- Now, you need to install the driver. In Windows, from the Program
- Manager choose successively Main/Control Panel/Drivers/Add/Unlisted or
- updated drivers/(enter path of SPEAK.EXE)/PC Speaker. At this point
- some strange sounds come out as the driver is initialized. Change the
- settings to improve the sound quality on the various sounds: tada,
- chimes, etc. Click OK when you are finished and choose the Restart
- windows option.
-
- Having installed the speaker driver, you will now get sounds whenever
- you start Windows, make a mistake, or exit Windows. If you do not want
- this, from the Main/Control Panel/Sounds menu, make sure there is no X
- next to "Enable System Sounds."
-
- Now, you need a sound viewer program that Mosaic can call to display
- sounds. NCSA unfortunately recommend WHAM, which does not work well
- with a PC speaker. Get the program WPLANY instead. You can find a copy
- nearby with an Archie search on the string "wplny"; the current
- version is WPLNY09B.ZIP. For details on archie and other basic issues
- related to FTP, please read the Usenet newsgroup
- news.announce.newusers.
-
- Move the zip file to a new directory, and use an unzip program like
- pkunzip to unzip it, producing the files WPLANY.EXE and WPLANY.DOC.
- Then edit the MOSAIC.INI file to remove the "REM" before the line
- "TYPE9=audio/basic". Then, you need lines in the section below that
- read something like: audio/basic="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls"
- audio/wav="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls" where you have filled in the
- correct path for wplany.exe. The MOSAIC.INI file delivered with Mosaic
- may have NOTEPAD.EXE on the audio/basic line, but this will not work.
- Now, restart Mosaic, and you should now be able to produce sounds. To
- check this, with Mosaic choose File/Local File/\WINDOWS\*.WAV and then
- try to play TADA.WAV. Then, you might try the Mosaic Demo document for
- some .AU sounds, but you are lucky if your speaker produces something
- you can understand.
-
- 4.6: How do I comment an HTML document?
-
-
-
- Use the <!-- tag at the beginning of EACH line commented out; close
- this for EACH line with the --> tag. Note that comments do not nest,
- and the sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part
- of the closing --> tag.
-
- You should not try to use this to "comment out" HTML that would
- otherwise be shown to the user, since some browsers (notably Mosaic)
- will still pay attention to tags inside the comment and close it
- prematurely.
-
- Thanks to Joe English for clearing up this issue.
-
- 4.7: How can I create decent-looking tables and stop using <PRE>... </PRE>?
-
- Tables are a standard feature in HTML+, a forthcoming superset of
- HTML. Unfortunately, they are at present implemented only by the Viola
- and Emacs-W3 browsers, to my knowledge.
-
- However, there is a way to use HTML+ tables now and convert them
- automatically to HTML, allowing you to design proper tables and
- install those pages directly when table support arrives in the
- majority of clients. You can do this using the html+tables package, by
- Brooks Cutter (bcutter@paradyne.com), which is available for anonymous
- ftp from sunsite.unc.edu in the directory
- pub/packages/infosystems/WWW/tools/html+tables.shar. This package
- requires the shell language Perl, which is primarily used on Unix
- systems but is also available for other systems (such as MSDOS
- machines). html+tables accepts HTML+ and outputs html using the
- <PRE>...</PRE> construct to represent tables, allowing you to write
- HTML+ now, knowing that it will look better when clients are ready for
- it.
-
- 4.8: What is HTML+ and where can I learn more about it?
-
- HTML+ is a superset of HTML designed to address some of the
- limitations of HTML. HTML+ supports true tables, right-justified text,
- centered text, line breaks that do not double space, and many other
- desired features.
-
- However, most clients support only a handful of HTML+ features (such
- as forms in Mosaic) at this time.
-
- To learn more about HTML+, you can examine the ascii text of a draft
- specification for it at the URL
- ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-raggett-www-html-00.txt or
- a Postscript version of the same at the URL
- ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-raggett-www-html-00.ps.
-
- 4.9: How can I make transparent GIFs?
-
- Transparent GIFs are useful because they appear to blend in smoothly
- with the user's display, even if the user has set a background color
- that differs from that the developer expected.
-
- There is a document explaining transparent GIFs available at the URL
- http://melmac.harris-atd.com/transparent_images.html. You can fetch
- the program giftrans by anonymous ftp from ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de at
- the path /pub/net/www/tools/giftrans.c.
-
- 4.10: I have a Windows PC or Macintosh. Why can't I access WAIS URLs?
-
-
-
- This answer provided by Michael Grady (m-grady@uiuc.edu):
-
- The version of Mosaic for X has "wais client" code built-in to it.
- This was relatively easy for the developers to do, because there was
- already a set of library routines for talking to WAIS available for
- Unix as "public domain" (freeWAIS). I don't think there is such a
- library of routines for PC/Windows or Mac, which would make it much
- more difficult for the Mosaic versions for Windows and the Mac to add
- "wais client" capability. Therefore, at least for now, neither the
- Windows or Mac versions of Mosaic support direct query of a WAIS
- server (i.e. can act as wais clients themselves).
-
- 4.11: I'm running XMosaic. Why can't I get external viewers working...
-
- ... No matter what no matter what I do to my .mailcap and .mime.types
- files?
-
- Answer provided by Ronald E. Daniel (rdaniel@acl.lanl.gov):
-
- Mosaic only looks at the .mime.types file if it has no idea what the
- document's type is. This is actually a very rare situation.
- Essentially all servers now use the HTTP/1.0 protocol, which means
- that they tell Mosaic (or other browsers) what the document's MIME
- Content-type is. The servers use a file very much like Mosaic's
- .mime.types file to infer the Content-type from the filename's
- extension.
-
- It is pretty simple to find out if this really is the problem. Use
- telnet to talk to the server and find out if it is assigning a MIME
- type to the document in question. Here's an example, looking at the
- home page for my server. (idaknow: is my shell prompt)
-
- idaknow: telnet www.acl.lanl.gov 80 // Connect to the httpd server
- Trying 128.165.148.3 ...
- Connected to www.acl.lanl.gov.
- Escape character is '^]'.
- HEAD /Home.html HTTP/1.0 // replace Home.html with your document
- // you supply the blank line
- HTTP/1.0 200 OK // the rest of this comes from the serve
- r Date: Wednesday, 25-May-94 19:18:11 GMT
- Server: NCSA/1.1
- MIME-version: 1.0
- Content-type: text/html // Here's the MIME Content-type
- Last-modified: Monday, 16-May-94 16:21:58 GMT
- Content-length: 1727
-
- Connection closed by foreign host.
- idaknow:
-
- In the example above, /Home.html will get
- http://www.acl.lanl.gov/Home.html.
-
- Normally servers will be configured to supply a Content-type of
- text/plain if they don't know what else to do. If this is the problem
- you are having, take a look at the TypesConfig documentation for
- NCSA's httpd. You can have the server look at the filename extension,
- supply the correct Content-type, then use your local .mailcap file to
- tell Mosaic what viewer to use to look at the document.
-
- 4.12: How come mailto: URLs don't work?
-
- The mailto: URL is an innovation found in Lynx and a few other
- browsers. It is not yet found in Mosaic, the most popular browser.
- Hopefully it will be present in future versions. In the meantime, you
- can set up forms which send mail to you; there is documentation on
- this at the URL http://siva.cshl.org/email/index.html.
-
- 4.13: How can I restrict and control access to my server?
-
- All major servers have features that allow you to limit access to
- particular sites, and many clients have authentication features that
- allow you to identify specific users. There is a tutorial on security
- and user authentication with the NCSA server and Mosaic available,
- written by Marc Andreessen (URL is
- http://wintermute.ncsa.uiuc.edu:8080/auth-tutorial/tutorial.html). See
- your server documentation for further information.
-
- 4.14: Hey, I know, I'll write a WWW-exploring robot! Why not?
-
- Programs that automatically traverse the web can be quite useful, but
- have the potential to make a serious mess of things. Robots have been
- written which do a "breadth-first" search of the web, exploring many
- sites in a gradual fashion instead of aggressively "rooting out" the
- pages of one site at a time. Some of these robots now produce
- excellent indexes of information available on the web.
-
- But others have written simple depth-first searches which, at the
- worst, can bring servers to their knees in minutes by recursively
- downloading information from CGI script-based pages that contain an
- infinite number of possible links. (Often robots can't realize this!)
- Imagine what happens when a robot decides to "index" the CONTENTS of
- several hundred mpeg movies. Shudder.
-
- The moral: a robot that does what you want may already exist; if it
- doesn't, please study the document World Wide Web Robots, Wanderers
- and Spiders (URL is:
- http://web.nexor.co.uk/mak/doc/robots/robots.html) and learn about the
- emerging standards for exclusion of robots from areas in which they
- are not wanted. You can also read about existing robots there.
-
- 4.15: How do I send newsgroup posts in HTML to my web client?
-
- How to do this depends greatly on your system; if you have a Mac or
- Windows system, the answer is completely different. But, as food for
- thought, here is a simple shell script I use on my Unix account to
- send posts from rn and related newsreaders to Lynx. Put this text in
- the file "readwebpost" and use the "chmod" command to make it
- executable, then put it somewhere in your path (such as your personal
- bin directory):
-
- #!/bin/sh
- echo \ > .article.html
- cat >> .article.html
- echo \ >> .article.html
- lynx .article.html
- Then add the following line to your .rnmac file (create it if you
- don't already have one):
-
- W |readwebpost %C
-
- Now, when you press "W" while reading a post in rn, a message will be sent to
- Lynx, and the links enclosed in it will be live. This can be greatly
- improved upon, changed to invoke Mosaic, changed to tell an already-running
- copy of Mosaic what page to load, and so on. I enclose it simply
- as an example.
-
-
-
- 5: CREDITS
-
- * Thomas Boutell boutell@netcom.com
- * Nathan Torkington Nathan.Torkington@vuw.ac.nz
- * Marc Andreessen marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu
- * Tony Johnson
-